Chopin was born on March 1, 1810, in Zelazowa Wola, Poland to a French father and Polish mother.
His first teacher was Wojciech Adalbert Zywny. Later on, he enrolled in the Warsaw Conservatory of Music and was tutored by Josef Elsner. He moved to Paris in 1831.
The Fantaisie Impromptu was written in 1834, the same year he published his Opus 17 Mazurkas and Opus 18 Grande Valse Brilliante in E♭ major.
The last opus number in his lifetime was Opus 65. Opus 66 and beyond are all posthumous.
Upon death, he was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, though his heart was removed and interred in the Church of the Holy Cross in Warsaw.
More concise information can be obtained from the Chopin Institute